![]() If choosing an area defense, which focuses on terrain, or assigning subordinate units to use perimeter defense of key terrain in the urban area, a strong tactic is to create strongpoints by reinforcing buildings or using preexisting structures that are already hard to destroy-for example, heavy-clad concrete structures like government buildings, apartments, and office complexes or banks. They include both conventional and unconventional measures that will assist in improving both hasty and deliberate urban defenses. The following tactics were used during real-world urban battles and proved to be effective in support of an overall urban area defense plan. In addition to reviewing doctrine, history provides some innovative ideas that will allow a force to improve the quality of its urban defense. ![]() However, there are important general characteristics of successful defenses: preparation, security, disruption, massing effects, and flexibility primary types of defenses such as area, mobile, and retrograde sequencing different schemes of maneuver such as an area defense of a block or group of buildings, defense of key terrain, and defense of an urban strongpoint seven steps to engagement area development and other critical information that should be reviewed before starting a defense operation to significantly increase a unit’s effectiveness. Of course, the operational and mission variables for each urban defense-the type of urban terrain, resources available, time, and enemy-could differ greatly from one another. Thirty-eight pages in total, these selections offer the foundation planners need before executing an urban defense. We recommended any urban defender review the following doctrine before planning commences: Army Doctrinal Publication (ADP) 3-90, Offense and Defense, chapter 4, pages 4-1 to 4-18 Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-06, Urban Operations, chapter 5, pages 5-1 to 5-6 and Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (ATTP) 3-06.11, Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain, chapter 3, pages 3-1 to 3-14, and Chapter 6, pages 6-1 to 6-12. Doctrine is always a good place to start. These plans should seek to break apart an attacking formation, separate mounted from dismounted forces, limit the attacker’s ability to maneuver, degrade military technologies like intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance and aerial strike capabilities, maximize surprise, and either defeat the attackers in detail or buy time for other tactical, operational, and strategic actions.Īny military defending force must prepare to maximize its positions and plans. The density, construction, and complexity of man-made physical terrain in urban areas allows soldiers to rapidly use or shape the environment to further strengthen a defense plan. Unlike other environments, such as wooded or mountainous areas, urban terrain contains unique characteristics that allow for a very strong and lethal defense to be conducted. A well-planned and -constructed urban defense could determine the success or failure of achieving a strategic objective, and could influence the outcome of a war. There are many reasons why a military would need to go into the defense in a campaign-to create conditions for the offense and regain the initiative, to destroy the enemy outright, to retain decisive terrain, or simply to slow the advance of a numerically or technologically superior force. Military theorists have long described the defense as the strongest form of war, and current doctrine agrees. As a result, militaries must be required to conduct both urban offense and defense operations. A broad base of historical, demographic, sociopolitical, and military analysis makes that fact abundantly clear. Any future war against a peer or near-peer enemy will contain some measure of urban combat.
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